Adolescent girls who were exposed to tobacco smoke in utero are likely to start smoking and become addicted to tobacco than their peers without this effect, a new study finds.
"[S] Symptoms nicotine dependence and progression of tobacco use among adolescents may be associated with exposure to nicotine in the womb," the researchers write.
They note that the association is "reliable", taking into account several potential confounded, including parental social position and postnatal tobacco. Tobacco dependence "should be added to the risks of passive exposure to the intrauterine life," Rydell concluded Mina, MSc, from the Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, and colleagues.
Their study is published in the March issue of British Journal of Psychiatry.
Priming effect of brain
Nicotine crosses the placenta barrier and may lead to greater concentration than the fetus of maternal concentrations, the authors note in their report.
"Studies in animals and human cell systems have shown that prenatal exposure to nicotine may lead to the effect of priming the brain, where the fetus is exposed may be more vulnerable to tobacco dependence after tobacco use in later life," said Rydell Medscape Medical News.
Nevertheless, the results of previous epidemiological studies have been "inconsistent, and there is a distinctive lack of prospective longitudinal studies," she said.
The new findings stem from a prospective longitudinal study involving 3020 Swedish young men who were observed at about the age of 11 to 18 years. Tobacco use was assessed at baseline (11 years) and 6 times during the follow-through self-administered questionnaire. Annual interest involved ranged from 87% to 96%, with 69% of adolescents participate in all assessments.
About 27% of these young people have been prenatal exposed maternal tobacco smoke, while 43% were prenatal exposed to any parent of tobacco. During the follow-up, 1007 children have begun to use tobacco (41.7% of those exposed to maternal prenatal tobacco use, compared with 30.6% of those unexposed), of which 761 started smoking daily (33.7% of those exposed prenatal maternal tobacco use and 22.2% of those unexposed).
The corresponding figures for the current snus (Swedish smokeless tobacco) use was 38.3% of those exposed and 29.2% of those unexposed, the figures for those who took a daily snus use was 34.1% and 24.8% for those who is exposed and unexposed, respectively.
2-fold increase in risk
At age 17, girls are exposed to tobacco prenatally mother, and who took the smoking was approximately 2 times more likely as heavy tobacco use (5 or more cigarettes or snus dips per day, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30 - 2.86), and a strong desire to tobacco use (adjusted OR, 2.04, 95% CI 1.28 - 3.32).
They also have 2 - 3 times higher probability of experiencing a large number of withdrawal symptoms (at least 4 vs. less than 4 symptoms, adjusted OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.68 - 4.87).
These associations were weaker among boys and did not reach statistical significance, which "adds strength to the hypothesis of a strong female vulnerability of the brain of the fetus to nicotine neurotically," say the authors. Such differences in gender have been reported in animal studies.
"There is growing not only indicate that girls are more vulnerable to prenatal exposure to nicotine, and that this difference concerns the measures of nicotine dependence, in contrast to the absorption of tobacco, which is more influenced by social factors," Ms. Ry dell said.
Monday, March 26, 2012
Monday, March 19, 2012
Miller: "roll your own" law of one of many absurd positions
Despite the long tradition of Illinois support them, it's not exactly news that the Republican members of the General Assembly did not vote on a tax of any kind. This attitude created a couple more absurd positions last week. Let's start with the "roll your own" account. Legislation was proposed to tax the growing practice of allowing people to use a commercial car roll their cigarettes in stores and gas stations.
The shops sell to its customers free, the amount of tobacco, and then reset the customer of the product in special mobile machines, which cost several thousand dollars each. As a result, the sales price of cardboard, which is about half the cost of a box of pre-defined brand of cigarettes, mainly because the tax on tobacco free is much lower than in commercial cigarettes.
A few states facing the issue after the car began to appear in stores across the country. Legislators in Indiana and Virginia, is considering bills to tax-free tobacco used in cars, for example. Wisconsin Department said incomes stores in October to start paying taxes on tobacco, as if they actually sell cigarettes. Critics say these shops from the car a little more than a tobacco factory is designed to avoid high taxes on cigarettes. Advocates say they do not do anything other than coffee, which allow customers to choose the specific mix, grinds and brands.
Tobacco giant Philip Morris is the only one of the companies supporting the bill Illinois. The company is concerned that the roll of their own cars, ultimately there is in his profits. Lobbying Team tobacco companies also warn that if the bill does not pass, Philip Morris and other tobacco companies, will likely jump in the car rolling business for yourself, which could potentially cost the state hundreds of millions of tax dollars a year.
But Republicans in the Senate Executive Committee decided not back the measure, and she was "laid out" last week and moved an amendment in the Senate, as mostly empty account. The sponsor of the bill, Senator Terry Link (D-Waukegan), said last week that he doubted that he could come to terms with their opponents, and probably would like to offer a similar language in the next few weeks. Republicans have admitted that in private they refused to vote for anything that may look like a tax increase. They also say they are likely to support the bill after the initial end of the adverse consequences for government revenues.
Then there's (D-Olympia field) offer state Sen. Toi Hutchinson to charge $ 5 per capita tax payment for the entrance to the strip clubs that sell alcohol. Money received will be used to fund sexual assault prevention state. The proposal floated out of the Senate Health Committee last week unanimously, but there was no catch. In fact, had two catches. The bill has caused a little controversy, but he obviously was a unique dilemma for several Republicans who sit on the Health Committee. Possible damage to the business interests of "immoral institutions" can be a plus. But the vote to tax those who are still voting means the creation of tax.
Thus, the two Republicans in the hotly contested primaries, the Republican Party, Senator Shane Cultra (R-Onarga) and Sen. Christine Johnson (R-Shabbona), quietly left the hearing room before the committee began voting in the fact that some wisecrackers called "pole tax." The bill was passed unanimously, but without those two votes. Johnson main opponent Senator Dave Syverson (R-Rockford) is also part of the Health Committee, but he voted for the bill. Johnson has been running television ads blasting Syverson in favor of raising taxes and advertises itself as a true social and fiscal conservative in the race. Other strikes, Senator Cultra, are also more socially conservative candidate in the Republican primary race against state Rep. Jason Barickman (R-Champaign).
As I said, all are expected to calm down a bit after the March 20 primary. Republicans will continue to oppose most taxes, and the mere mention of the word, probably will not scare them so much, as soon as they get their last election. Maybe then everyone will be able to grow up and start behaving like adults.
The shops sell to its customers free, the amount of tobacco, and then reset the customer of the product in special mobile machines, which cost several thousand dollars each. As a result, the sales price of cardboard, which is about half the cost of a box of pre-defined brand of cigarettes, mainly because the tax on tobacco free is much lower than in commercial cigarettes.
A few states facing the issue after the car began to appear in stores across the country. Legislators in Indiana and Virginia, is considering bills to tax-free tobacco used in cars, for example. Wisconsin Department said incomes stores in October to start paying taxes on tobacco, as if they actually sell cigarettes. Critics say these shops from the car a little more than a tobacco factory is designed to avoid high taxes on cigarettes. Advocates say they do not do anything other than coffee, which allow customers to choose the specific mix, grinds and brands.
Tobacco giant Philip Morris is the only one of the companies supporting the bill Illinois. The company is concerned that the roll of their own cars, ultimately there is in his profits. Lobbying Team tobacco companies also warn that if the bill does not pass, Philip Morris and other tobacco companies, will likely jump in the car rolling business for yourself, which could potentially cost the state hundreds of millions of tax dollars a year.
But Republicans in the Senate Executive Committee decided not back the measure, and she was "laid out" last week and moved an amendment in the Senate, as mostly empty account. The sponsor of the bill, Senator Terry Link (D-Waukegan), said last week that he doubted that he could come to terms with their opponents, and probably would like to offer a similar language in the next few weeks. Republicans have admitted that in private they refused to vote for anything that may look like a tax increase. They also say they are likely to support the bill after the initial end of the adverse consequences for government revenues.
Then there's (D-Olympia field) offer state Sen. Toi Hutchinson to charge $ 5 per capita tax payment for the entrance to the strip clubs that sell alcohol. Money received will be used to fund sexual assault prevention state. The proposal floated out of the Senate Health Committee last week unanimously, but there was no catch. In fact, had two catches. The bill has caused a little controversy, but he obviously was a unique dilemma for several Republicans who sit on the Health Committee. Possible damage to the business interests of "immoral institutions" can be a plus. But the vote to tax those who are still voting means the creation of tax.
Thus, the two Republicans in the hotly contested primaries, the Republican Party, Senator Shane Cultra (R-Onarga) and Sen. Christine Johnson (R-Shabbona), quietly left the hearing room before the committee began voting in the fact that some wisecrackers called "pole tax." The bill was passed unanimously, but without those two votes. Johnson main opponent Senator Dave Syverson (R-Rockford) is also part of the Health Committee, but he voted for the bill. Johnson has been running television ads blasting Syverson in favor of raising taxes and advertises itself as a true social and fiscal conservative in the race. Other strikes, Senator Cultra, are also more socially conservative candidate in the Republican primary race against state Rep. Jason Barickman (R-Champaign).
As I said, all are expected to calm down a bit after the March 20 primary. Republicans will continue to oppose most taxes, and the mere mention of the word, probably will not scare them so much, as soon as they get their last election. Maybe then everyone will be able to grow up and start behaving like adults.
Monday, March 12, 2012
Delen Reynolds made a $ 8.5 million in 2011
Reynolds American Inc, the second-largest tobacco company in the country, has awarded its incoming CEO Daniel M. Delen compensation package worth $ 8.5 million in fiscal year 2011 to 38 percent from fiscal year 2010, when he served as president and CEO of a subsidiary of RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, according to an Associated Press analysis of regulatory filing.
Reynolds American Inc, the second-largest tobacco company in the country, has awarded its incoming CEO Daniel M. Delen compensation package worth $ 8.5 million in fiscal year 2011 to 38 percent from fiscal year 2010, when he served as president and CEO of a subsidiary of RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, according to an Associated Press analysis of regulatory filing.
Pay package came in a year when the manufacturer of Camel cigarettes and Pall Mall, and the Kodiak and Grizzly smokeless tobacco saw its net profit to grow by more than 27 percent and revenue excluding excise duties remained unchanged at 8.5 billion dollars. The company based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, raised prices, but it sold 6 percent fewer cigarettes.
The compensation deal was disclosed in the company's preliminary annual proxy filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Thursday night.
Base salary Delen increased by 15 percent to $ 1 million. He also received a cash bonus performance, totaling about $ 1.2 million. Delen, who became CEO in March of last year, also received stock and options worth about $ 6.2 million a day for granted.
46-year-old also received other compensation of $ 176,567, most of which were for his contribution to the pension plan of the company.
Susan M. Ivey, who retired as CEO in February 2011, having received payment for a package valued at $ 753,660 in fiscal year 2011, 96 percent less compared to $ 16.8 million in 2010.
Reynolds American also said it will hold its annual meeting of shareholders may 3AT its headquarters, where it will elect six directors, the board and vote on a shareholder proposal for the establishment of the Ethics Committee to review the marketing of the company.
Associated Press, the formula for calculating executive compensation is designed to isolate the value the board of directors has full executive compensation package during the last fiscal year. It includes salary, bonus, performance-related bonuses, perks, above-market earnings on deferred compensation and the estimated value of stock options and awards granted during the year.
The calculations do not include changes in the present value of pension benefits, bringing the total AP differs in some cases than the total number of companies registered with the SEC.
Reynolds American Inc, the second-largest tobacco company in the country, has awarded its incoming CEO Daniel M. Delen compensation package worth $ 8.5 million in fiscal year 2011 to 38 percent from fiscal year 2010, when he served as president and CEO of a subsidiary of RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, according to an Associated Press analysis of regulatory filing.
Pay package came in a year when the manufacturer of Camel cigarettes and Pall Mall, and the Kodiak and Grizzly smokeless tobacco saw its net profit to grow by more than 27 percent and revenue excluding excise duties remained unchanged at 8.5 billion dollars. The company based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, raised prices, but it sold 6 percent fewer cigarettes.
The compensation deal was disclosed in the company's preliminary annual proxy filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Thursday night.
Base salary Delen increased by 15 percent to $ 1 million. He also received a cash bonus performance, totaling about $ 1.2 million. Delen, who became CEO in March of last year, also received stock and options worth about $ 6.2 million a day for granted.
46-year-old also received other compensation of $ 176,567, most of which were for his contribution to the pension plan of the company.
Susan M. Ivey, who retired as CEO in February 2011, having received payment for a package valued at $ 753,660 in fiscal year 2011, 96 percent less compared to $ 16.8 million in 2010.
Reynolds American also said it will hold its annual meeting of shareholders may 3AT its headquarters, where it will elect six directors, the board and vote on a shareholder proposal for the establishment of the Ethics Committee to review the marketing of the company.
Associated Press, the formula for calculating executive compensation is designed to isolate the value the board of directors has full executive compensation package during the last fiscal year. It includes salary, bonus, performance-related bonuses, perks, above-market earnings on deferred compensation and the estimated value of stock options and awards granted during the year.
The calculations do not include changes in the present value of pension benefits, bringing the total AP differs in some cases than the total number of companies registered with the SEC.
Monday, March 5, 2012
The border chaos
Queues returned to the border with La Linea last week. The word was to suppress the smuggling of tobacco.
Maybe so, but last week, British Prime Minister David Cameron stopped the hopes of Spain with the "Brussels agreement" style of negotiation over the future of Rock. Last week, the British Ambassador in Spain, Giles Paxman, reiterated the same message in Madrid. So it was, or tobacco PP government in Madrid had his cage rattled his saber rattle trying to back?
Cameron was cleaner than any British prime minister that the negotiations on sovereignty will occur only with the consent of Gibraltar, Gibraltar will be represented as a full member of the negotiations and if the deal is done it must be approved by the people of Gibraltar in a referendum. Indeed, the Court considers that the right to self-determination belongs to the people, not government.
Not only is the rock of Gibraltar and visitors have suffered, but, of course, thousands of Spanish workers, who were trying to get home. They expressed their anger at the media saying that it's not only cars and motorcycles that have been affected, but cyclists too, as Guardia Civil were looking for illegal tobacco products. If you believe in coincidences, it can be seen the long lines at the border as the British say "no" purely by chance. Many of us, however, does not believe in such coincidences.
The president of one of the Spanish association of employees (Ascteg), El Salvador Molina, said that once people have suffered long queues and inconveniences have been among those who worked on the rock, and after a hard day's work they have been unreasonably delayed in getting homes of their families. He called the actions of the Civil Guard as "inhumane." Ascteg said that if the Civil Guard wants to fight the smuggling of tobacco products is good, but at least they could put extra duty because there was no delay.
Of course, crossing the border in Spain, there are two bands, one red and one green. Transport expectations lanes converge in the green band, which actually means that there is only one lane as you cross. Thus, if every car and two-wheel contraption looks for chaos. Molina says that this "third world". I believe that I have used this phrase is on the border more than once.
Ascteg was usually done to protest the local PSOE MP-Salvador de la Encina,: and how the Socialists no longer in power, no one in Madrid, is a blind bit of notice of what he says. There is an alternative: Jose Ignacio Landaluce - who their MP and PP mayor of Algeciras. There's no point yelling at him, though: it only to ask a queue to be larger.
Something is in the water?
At that time I was in the UK, my little red-haired, cat, Zig, was taken to the vet to its attributes are removed. Porter looked at him, and then fill it with cards, he suddenly became a pit bull terrier named Tiger. Around the same time, I was sitting in the safety handle on the grill at home, office block MPs at Westminster. I shared recreation area with two other white men about my age. Electronic door opened and in rushed want a young assistant to the deputy, who asked us with a loud voice: "Who of you Naomi Campbell," At the same time our jaws dropped open, and we were too stunned to respond. At this point, he ran in search of other white men between the ages respond with the same name. God help us!
Maybe so, but last week, British Prime Minister David Cameron stopped the hopes of Spain with the "Brussels agreement" style of negotiation over the future of Rock. Last week, the British Ambassador in Spain, Giles Paxman, reiterated the same message in Madrid. So it was, or tobacco PP government in Madrid had his cage rattled his saber rattle trying to back?
Cameron was cleaner than any British prime minister that the negotiations on sovereignty will occur only with the consent of Gibraltar, Gibraltar will be represented as a full member of the negotiations and if the deal is done it must be approved by the people of Gibraltar in a referendum. Indeed, the Court considers that the right to self-determination belongs to the people, not government.
Not only is the rock of Gibraltar and visitors have suffered, but, of course, thousands of Spanish workers, who were trying to get home. They expressed their anger at the media saying that it's not only cars and motorcycles that have been affected, but cyclists too, as Guardia Civil were looking for illegal tobacco products. If you believe in coincidences, it can be seen the long lines at the border as the British say "no" purely by chance. Many of us, however, does not believe in such coincidences.
The president of one of the Spanish association of employees (Ascteg), El Salvador Molina, said that once people have suffered long queues and inconveniences have been among those who worked on the rock, and after a hard day's work they have been unreasonably delayed in getting homes of their families. He called the actions of the Civil Guard as "inhumane." Ascteg said that if the Civil Guard wants to fight the smuggling of tobacco products is good, but at least they could put extra duty because there was no delay.
Of course, crossing the border in Spain, there are two bands, one red and one green. Transport expectations lanes converge in the green band, which actually means that there is only one lane as you cross. Thus, if every car and two-wheel contraption looks for chaos. Molina says that this "third world". I believe that I have used this phrase is on the border more than once.
Ascteg was usually done to protest the local PSOE MP-Salvador de la Encina,: and how the Socialists no longer in power, no one in Madrid, is a blind bit of notice of what he says. There is an alternative: Jose Ignacio Landaluce - who their MP and PP mayor of Algeciras. There's no point yelling at him, though: it only to ask a queue to be larger.
Something is in the water?
At that time I was in the UK, my little red-haired, cat, Zig, was taken to the vet to its attributes are removed. Porter looked at him, and then fill it with cards, he suddenly became a pit bull terrier named Tiger. Around the same time, I was sitting in the safety handle on the grill at home, office block MPs at Westminster. I shared recreation area with two other white men about my age. Electronic door opened and in rushed want a young assistant to the deputy, who asked us with a loud voice: "Who of you Naomi Campbell," At the same time our jaws dropped open, and we were too stunned to respond. At this point, he ran in search of other white men between the ages respond with the same name. God help us!
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)